Wednesday, May 6, 2020
John Stuart Mill And Immanuel Kant - 1387 Words
The concept of happiness is one that has been explored and debated by many different philosophers. Two of these philosophers are John Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant. Mill, in Utilitarianism defines happiness as pleasure without pain. He builds upon this idea of happiness when establishing his moral philosophy, stating that the action that would bring about the maximum amount of happiness is the most moral action. On the other hand, Kant establishes happiness as well-being and a satisfaction with oneââ¬â¢s condition. Kant, however, argues that happiness is too fully based upon oneââ¬â¢s own personal experience to use as a grounds for a universal moral philosophy. Therefore, Kant rejects the idea of using happiness, instead using practical reason, asâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Mill also emphasizes the idea of quality over quantity. A greater quality of pleasure will always be preferred over a larger quantity of lower pleasure (9). Mill derives his concept of utility from his co ncept of happiness. Immanuel Kant develops his own concept of happiness in Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals. Immanuel Kant in Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals defines happiness as the ââ¬Å"complete well-being and contentment with oneââ¬â¢s conditionâ⬠(7, 393). Essentially, Kantââ¬â¢s idea of happiness is the preservation of oneââ¬â¢s prosperity. He even goes one step further and states that certain fortunes, such as power, riches, honor and health, are all aspects and desires that are encompassed in the notion of happiness. These desires Kant calls inclinations, or the faculty or object that motivates a person to act in a certain way. So, from Kantââ¬â¢s understanding, happiness is the sum of oneââ¬â¢s inclinations. Inclinations are established from empirical means, or based on personal experiences, as opposed to pure reason, which Kant champions. Kant furthers his definition of happiness by establishing the idea that the aim of happiness is in o pposition to the aim of nature, which, he states, instead validates reason. He clarifies that happiness appeals more appropriately to instinct, as opposed to reason (8, 395). He also establishes a dichotomy between happiness and virtue, stating that ââ¬Å"...making a man happy is quite different fromShow MoreRelatedImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill1261 Words à |à 6 Pagesintentions/character that inspire the action, or the consequences that result from the action?â⬠Second, the philosophers I am going to discuss throughout this paper are Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. Now before I tell you my answer to this question I am going to explain these who these two philosophers are and what their viewpoints on ethics are. Immanuel Kant was born in what is now Germany in 1724 and died in 1804 and was the type of philosopher to act out of duty. He believes that actions should be performedRead MoreImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill Essay2002 Words à |à 9 Pagesmost widely known ethical philosophers are Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. While they may have philosophized around the same time period, the philosophers have very different ideas about ethics and happiness. Immanuel Kant, author of Duty and Reason, believed in the morality of the good will and duty. He espoused that happiness is an irrelevancy insofar as fulfilling duty is the most important aspect of leading a moral life. Conversely, John Stuart Mill, who wrote, The Greatest Happiness PrincipleRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill And Immanuel Kant1786 Words à |à 8 PagesJohn Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant. They both had very different views when it came to the ethics of philosophy. They also though had some of the same views as each other. Both w ere concerned with the moral qualities of actions and choices of a person, but neither of them was much interested in about what makes a good person. They also different views and some of the same views when it came to lying. One thought it should never be done. The other thought it should be used as a last resort. FirstRead MoreImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill1206 Words à |à 5 Pagesof morality, there is no right answer to dilemmas only different opinions. Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill are philosophers with two different views on a personââ¬â¢s moral conscious. Kant believes morality is a duty that people should hold above their own happiness. On the other hand, Mill believes happiness is the goal of morality and the more happiness is acquired at the end is the most moral. According to Immanuel Kant, morality is a duty people must hold above their own happiness. For somethingRead MoreImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill948 Words à |à 4 Pagesyou do it? Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill would give you strongly contrasting opinions. A person should not kill another to benefit five others. It would be a wrong thing to do, but Mill would disagree. Kant believed that good intentions count and that the morality of an action is determined by the intentions behind it rather than its consequences. Kant says that the consequences are irrelevant to assessments of moral worth, which contrasts sharply with Millââ¬â¢s utilitarianism. Kant believed thatRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill And Immanuel Kant Essay1805 Words à |à 8 Pagesphilosophers, Kant and Mill, to determine whether or not torture is ever ethical. John Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant, both proposed different philosophies, using deontological and teleological theories in ethics. John Stuart Mill used a teleological theory, which prioritized the end result of an action, based off the moral nature of the action itself, compared to the deontological theory proposed by Kant, which presented actions as obligations of an individual, leading them to act in a certain way. Mill usedRead MoreImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill998 Words à |à 4 PagesTwo knowledgeable men, one says go right, the other, left. Who is right? Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill were both noted philosophers with opposing theories on what is moral. Each uphold different ways of observing what is right. The theory of utilitarianism held by Mill and universalism held by Kant has similarit ies and differences. Who stands correct, and who is mistaken? Utilitarianism is the belief that decisions should be made based on how much pleasure they bring (MacKinnon and FialaRead MoreImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill2050 Words à |à 9 Pagesstraight forward as proposed by Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill in The Groundswork and Utilitarianism respectively. Kant, in The Groundswork, and Mill, in Utilitarianism, come to different conclusions about what is intrinsically good, yet neither of them come to a valid explanation for the following reasons; Kant produces a narrow view focused entirely on having a good will, acting only based off of duties, and ignoring the outcomes of your actions, while Mill calculates intrinsic value basedRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill vs. Immanuel Kant2163 Words à |à 9 PagesJohn Stuart Mill vs. Immanuel Kant The aim of this paper is to clearly depict how John Stuart Millââ¬â¢s belief to do good for all is more appropriate for our society than Immanuel Kantââ¬â¢s principle that it is better to do whats morally just. I will explain why Millââ¬â¢s theory served as a better guide to moral behavior and differentiate between the rights and responsibilities of human beings to themselves and society. Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill are philosophers who addressed the issues of moralityRead MoreA Study Of Ethics By Immanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill992 Words à |à 4 Pagesaround ethics. The court released Lavallee as innocent on the basis that she is medically ill with Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS). The two most renowned ethicists, Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill would view this case differently. Kantianism is associated solely with Immanuel Kant. In comparison, John Stuart Mill, an opponent of Immanuel Kantââ¬â¢s ideas, uses a utilitarian approach. This essay will briefly give an overview of the case and the BWS. Then, it will show how both theories view the case.
Oil and Gas Exploration Impact on Environment
Question: Describe the oil and gas exploration impact on environment. Answer: During the whole process of oil and gas exploration there are many activities being carried out, some of them are due diligence, prequalification, exploration seismic, site survey, exploration drilling, appraisal drilling, development and production. Some of these initial activities like exploration seismic, prequalification are carried for a very shorter duration than other activities that follows, so they have a less impact then those (Vidic, 2013). These activities have a great impact on the environment and we should now take some serious sustainable actions to overcome them. The objective of this essay is to discuss the impact of oil and gas exploration on air pollution. There is a lot of pollution due to earth moving equipment, drilling machines, blasting operation etc. There is a huge impact on the air quality during the exploration phase due to emission and dust particles from earth moving equipment-drilling machines. These can be emission of harmful gasses like carbon monoxid e, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds, and nitrogen oxide (Yusuf, 2013). Due to the realize of such harmful gasses there is some impact on the climate as well because some of them are green house gasses due to which there can also be slight rise in temperature in those areas. The oil pollution can also have an impact on the cultural resources of the place due to these exploration activities. Amount of disturbance on the surface and subsurface level is minimal during exploration phase, but the machinery of exploration could effect the material present on the surface level, which could be of culturally interest of people there. So sometimes it affect the cultural resources of the people present at the sight. The impact on the ecological environment depends on the phase of the oil and gas exploration activity being done. The impact on the ecological resources like vegetation wildlife, flora fauna, species and habitat would be minimal at the exploration because of the limited level of activity. As the introduction of seismic survey, this puts some impact on the wildlife of the surroundings, and when the exploratory activities are well established it puts a great impact on the wildlife and the vegetation of the surroundings and basically destroys it. It would be correct to say that because the activities in exploration are limited so these is very less impact on the resources available in the areas of exploration so environmental justice is maintained in the areas of exploration. The exploration activities produce much of waste materials like plastic, mud, paper; fuel, human waste etc. seismic and exploration produce such waste. Waste produced during exploration is lesser as compared to drilling during production well, at that stage that is a huge production of waste, which include drilling fuel, mud, used machinery oil, solid waste and garbage. And if not disposed of in a environmentally friendly way these can have a huge impact on our environment. Due to these exploration activities there can be serious health issues to the natives and workers. There can be on work accidents due to some vehicle accidents or some serious disease due to presence of dangerous gases and dust, and presence of hazardous material all around the place (Podobnik, 2015). The potential of these health and safety issues would be low at exploration level due to low activity level. Exploration activities result in temporary and localized impact on the land use. Due to these activities being carried out there could be temporary disturbance in the vicinity of exploratory well e.g. recreational activities or gazing of livestocks. The leftover material from the exploration activities can kill the livestock if they accidently eat them. Exploratory activities but in no case can effect mining activities, military operation and aviation activities. These are the nonrenewable resources. The exploration activities have a impact on the paleontological resources as well, as there is disturbance on the surface due to activities like vehicle roaming around, mining, drilling, which may erode these resources, but they do not have much impact because the resources beneath the surface are protected, for example there is very less impact of the exploration activities on the fossil fuels of a particular land (Werner, 2015). The air pollution is directly related to the socio economic culture and the environment. They do not put a large amount of impact on the socioeconomic impact of the particular place because the exploratory activities are not permanent and they cannot provide employment for whole life. The earths surface effects due to heavy traffic machinery can occur in the soil. Due to the movement of this heavy machinery, the moisture, water retention capability decreases and the chances of wind erosion and water erosion increase. This reduces the aeration, permeability and cause potential runoff and gully erosion. The impact on the soil and geological resources are directly proportional to the amount of the work being carried out on the surface of the land. This could also lead to depletion of hydrocarbons, sand and gravel resources. There are an impact on the water resources due to the exploration activities but it is not significant. Due to Exploratory wellbores there is a contact between the exploratory machine and the surface ground water, which may result in depletion of that ground water. It may lead in decreasing the pressure of the ground water and may also lessen the quality of the water, but still the impact of exploratory activities on the water resources are very l ess. It would be correct to say that the exploratory activities have a temporary impact on the visual resources because the landscape is slightly modifies or degraded due to scene of activities being carried out on the land, so this may degrade the scenic beauty of a naturally beautiful looking place. The exploratory activities have a slight temporary effect on the transportation; they may interfere in the personal transportation and may result in lowering the pace of the public and personal transportation of mode (Muehlenbachs, 2013). There are various technologies and measures that can be taken to reduce the impacts on air. It would help to reduce the quality and the quantity of air pollution. One of the important measure is carbon oxide capture and sequestration. As there is release of various dangerous gases and dust during the process of oil and gas extraction process, so it becomes very important to control the level of such gases to a threshold level. One of the dangerous gases is carbon dioxide. And this technique is dedicated to control the level of carbon dioxide. In the atmosphere. It is a new technological measure, which can help, in stopping fossil erosion by capturing and sequestering carbon oxide from various resources and activities of extraction and storing them away from the atmosphere so that it cant have a adverse effect on the atmosphere. Additional amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere cause increase in temperature, as it is a green house gas. The one-year monitoring program can be discus sed as: There are various techniques by which we can capture carbon dioxide like afforestation (Davies, 2014), reservoirs and ageing oil wells, liquefaction and dry ice technology. Moreover carbon dioxide can be captured I oil fields with the help of seismology technique. Then there is conversion of carbon dioxide to various carbon forms but it can take several years as it is a long chemical process. The whole basic idea behind using this technique is to separate the carbon dioxide from the other gases released during the process by dissolving into various solvents and then trucking into the vessels so that it can be injected into the ground surface so that it can be kept isolated from the atmosphere and it cant add to the green house effect (Jenner, 2013). This is a great technique and is also sustainable over the long period of time in controlling the level of excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Another recommended technique is Zero oil/gas flare. It is a technique of in which gas and oil are produced without burning the gas and oil into the atmosphere therefore controlling the effects of green house and other hazardous effects of burning these gases into atmosphere. One of the main objectives of the zero gas oil flare technique is that it is very cost effective when it comes to cleaning up of the gases into the atmosphere. To implement this it has three stages. In the very first stage oil and gas are burnt in the atmosphere and test separate is places to discharge the contaminated water into the sea. In order to prevent the corrosion of the sea level and maintaining its quality clean up facilities are used to increase the hydrogen ion concentration and to recover the oil released into the water. In second stage the acidic effluent water is neutralized with the help of chemical known as tri-oxo-carbonate (Barker, 2013). The main purpose of this stage is to recover the oil fr om the contaminated water. In the third phase of the process there is use of portable multi phase periodic well tester which leads to reduction of the oil flaring further by almost 60 percent. The main purpose of this technique is to keep the atmosphere free from the gases, which lead to the green house effect. The main reason of the air pollution is the oil spillage, rusting of pipes, and carelessness on the operation side in decomposing of the oil waste. And the main reason of the oil spillage is the oil leaks, rusting and the well blowout. These are the result of use of faulty equipment, low quality equipment, low maintenance, unskilled employees and employee faults. So to overcome this company should have a very good maintenance program and should instantaneously react in any emergency. This is known as site restoration, thus the maintaining of the site after drilling process and keeping the site in good condition. Thus by doing it to every site after drilling and other oil and gas extraction processes will leave every site pollution free, like for example zero flare is a example of site restoration in which the site is free of any hazardous gases. A majority of the research work shows that the majority of the pipeline explosion happens due to the over use of the equipment, use of faulty equipment, ignorance of the staff in overlooking the equipment and poor maintenance of the equipment. Many of the oil and gas extraction facilities all around the world are very old even centuries old. And the equipment are old too (Bamberger, 2012). And because of this when the equipment become old, it chances of getting rusty gets very high with even a small trace of acidity and the equipment getting in touch of acidity is a very common phenomenon, so it resulted in pipeline explosion, so in order to prevent this phenomenon facilities should be having a proper maintenance and they should be renewed after a certain time period. The staff of the extraction process should be completely aware with their responsibility and properly carry out the duties for effective quality control. With the above discussion it can be said that these are the measures that can be effective in controlling the adverse effects of the oil and gas extraction processes on our environment. All the stakeholders should join hands so that the complete benefits could be realized to all the stakeholders. References Bamberger, M. and Oswald, R.E., 2012. Impacts of gas drilling on human and animal health.New solutions: a journal of environmental and occupational health policy,22(1), pp.51-77. Barker, A. and Jones, C., 2013. A critique of the performance of EIA within the offshore oil and gas sector.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,43, pp.31-39. Davies, R.J., Almond, S., Ward, R.S., Jackson, R.B., Adams, C., Worrall, F., Herringshaw, L.G., Gluyas, J.G. and Whitehead, M.A., 2014. Oil and gas wells and their integrity: Implications for shale and unconventional resource exploitation.Marine and Petroleum Geology,56, pp.239-254. Jenner, S. and Lamadrid, A.J., 2013. Shale gas vs. coal: Policy implications from environmental impact comparisons of shale gas, conventional gas, and coal on air, water, and land in the United States.Energy Policy,53, pp.442-453. Muehlenbachs, L., Cohen, M.A. and Gerarden, T., 2013. The impact of water depth on safety and environmental performance in offshore oil and gas production.Energy Policy,55, pp.699-705. Podobnik, B., 2015. Global energy inequalities: exploring the long-term implications.journal of world-systems research,8(2), pp.252-274. Vidic, R.D., Brantley, S.L., Vandenbossche, J.M., Yoxtheimer, D. and Abad, J.D., 2013. Impact of shale gas development on regional water quality.Science,340(6134), p.1235009. Werner, A.K., Vink, S., Watt, K. and Jagals, P., 2015. Environmental health impacts of unconventional natural gas development: A review of the current strength of evidence.Science of The Total Environment,505, pp.1127-1141. Yusuf, Y.Y., Gunasekaran, A., Musa, A., El-Berishy, N.M., Abubakar, T. and Ambursa, H.M., 2013. The UK oil and gas supply chains: An empirical analysis of adoption of sustainable measures and performance outcomes.International Journal of Production Economics,146(2), pp.501-514.
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